High-dose maternal supplementation (≥ 4000 IU per day) achieved similar infant vitamin D levels as infant supplementation with 400 IU per day.Ĭertainty of evidence: the evidence is currently very uncertain for supplementation of vitamin D for breastfeeding mothers or supplementation of their infants in populations at low risk of vitamin D deficiency. However, the evidence is very uncertain for markers of bone health. ![]() In populations at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D supplementation of infants may be better than vitamin D supplementation of the mother whilst breastfeeding for preventing vitamin D deficiency. There was not enough information to determine if there are benefits for bone health. ![]() For breastfed infants at higher risk of vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D supplementation for the mother may increase infant vitamin D levels and may prevent vitamin D deficiency. Key results: for breastfed infants, vitamin D supplements may increase vitamin D levels and reduce the incidence of mildly low vitamin D levels, but there was insufficient information to determine if there was a reduction in vitamin D deficiency or in signs of poor bone health (low bone mineral content, nutritional rickets or fractures). No studies compared vitamin D given to infants versus periods of infant sun exposure. We identified 19 studies with 2837 mother-infant pairs assessing vitamin D given to infants (nine studies), to breastfeeding mothers (eight studies), and to infants versus breastfeeding mothers (six studies). Study characteristics: evidence is up‐to‐date as of May 2020. Vitamin D levels are low in breast milk and exclusively breastfed infants are at risk of low vitamin D levels. Vitamin D is important for bone health, helping prevent nutritional rickets and fractures. Review question: do vitamin D supplements for breastfed infants or their mothers prevent vitamin D deficiency and improve bone health?īackground: vitamin D deficiency is common worldwide with infants at higher risk due to pigmentation, covering, avoidance of sun exposure or the latitude of where they live.
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